q312pzena10q.htm


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

x
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2012
Or

o
Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the transition period from to
 
Commission file number 001-33761

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Delaware
 
20-8999751
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)
 
Identification No.)
120 West 45th Street
New York, New York 10036
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 355-1600

Not Applicable
(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Date File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o
 
Accelerated filer x
     
Non-accelerated filer o
 
Smaller reporting company o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
   

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes o No x
 
 
As of November 5, 2012, there were 11,244,490 outstanding shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share.

As of November 5, 2012, there were 53,571,161 outstanding shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock, par value $0.000001 per share.
 



 
 
 
 


PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

       
Page
   
PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION
   
   
     
     
     
     
   
18
   
   
         
   
PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
   
   
   
 
SIGNATURES

 

 
i

 


CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements.  Forward-looking statements provide our current expectations, or forecasts, of future events.  Forward-looking statements include statements about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, intentions, assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts.  Words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project” or similar words or phrases, or the negatives of those words or phrases, may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are based on potentially inaccurate assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected or implied by the forward-looking statements.  Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements for many reasons, including the factors described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.  Accordingly, you should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report.  We undertake no obligation to publicly revise any forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events after the date of this Quarterly Report, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.  You should, however, review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

·      our anticipated future results of operations and operating cash flows;

·      our business strategies and investment policies;

·      our financing plans and the availability of short- or long-term borrowing, or equity financing;

·      our competitive position and the effects of competition on our business;

·      potential growth opportunities available to us;

·      the recruitment and retention of our employees;

·      our expected levels of compensation for our employees;

·      our potential operating performance, achievements, efficiency, and cost reduction efforts;

·      our expected tax rate;

·      changes in interest rates;

 
·
our expectation with respect to the economy, capital markets, the market for asset management services, and other industry trends; and

 
·
the impact of future legislation and regulation, and changes in existing legislation and regulation, on our business.

The reports that we file with the SEC, accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov, identify additional factors that can affect forward-looking statements.

 
ii

 

PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.  Financial Statements

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)



   
As of
 
   
September 30,
   
December 31,
 
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(unaudited)
       
ASSETS
           
Cash and Cash Equivalents
  $ 38,130     $ 35,083  
Restricted Cash
    1,030       1,030  
Due from Broker
    3,744       457  
Advisory Fees Receivable
    14,586       14,717  
Investments, at Fair Value
    5,106       4,919  
Receivable from Related Parties
    162       66  
Other Receivables
    144       54  
Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets
    425       688  
Deferred Tax Asset, Net of Valuation Allowance of
               
$60,287 and $61,050, respectively
    9,991       8,835  
Property and Equipment, Net of Accumulated Depreciation
               
 of $2,649 and $2,516, respectively
    755       829  
TOTAL ASSETS
  $ 74,073     $ 66,678  
                 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
               
Liabilities:
               
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
  $ 15,371     $ 6,062  
Due to Broker
    1,741       -  
Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
    11,710       11,218  
Lease Liability
    1,335       1,795  
Deferred Compensation Liability
    975       1,173  
Other Liabilities
    206       206  
TOTAL LIABILITIES
    31,338       20,454  
                 
Equity:
               
Preferred Stock (Par Value $0.01; 200,000,000 Shares
               
Authorized; None Outstanding)
    -       -  
Class A Common Stock (Par Value $0.01; 750,000,000
               
Shares Authorized;  11,244,490 and 10,575,089 Shares
               
Issued and Outstanding in 2012 and 2011, respectively)
    112       105  
Class B Common Stock (Par Value $0.000001; 750,000,000
               
Shares Authorized; 53,325,674 and 53,967,555 Shares
               
Issued and Outstanding in 2012 and 2011, respectively)
    -       -  
Additional Paid-In Capital
    12,277       12,000  
Retained Earnings
    2,073       1,832  
Total Pzena Investment Mangement, Inc.'s Equity
    14,462       13,937  
Non-Controlling Interests
    28,273       32,287  
TOTAL EQUITY
    42,735       46,224  
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
  $ 74,073     $ 66,678  

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 

 
1

 

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)
 

   
For the Three Months
   
For the Nine Months
 
   
Ended September 30,
   
Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
                         
REVENUE
  $ 18,861     $ 19,950     $ 56,968     $ 64,109  
                                 
EXPENSES
                               
Compensation and Benefits Expense
    7,689       7,727       23,874       24,375  
General and Administrative Expense
    1,764       1,969       5,383       5,972  
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES
    9,453       9,696       29,257       30,347  
Operating Income
    9,408       10,254       27,711       33,762  
                                 
OTHER INCOME/(EXPENSE)
                               
Interest Income
    51       72       146       144  
Interest Expense
    -       -       (26 )     -  
Dividend Income
    43       29       101       100  
Net Realized and Unrealized Gain/(Loss) from Investments
    395       (1,150 )     1,061       (709 )
Change in Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
    (1,684 )     (50 )     (2,342 )     (2,307 )
Other (Expense)
    (44 )     (61 )     (11 )     (232 )
Total Other (Expense)
    (1,239 )     (1,160 )     (1,071 )     (3,004 )
Income Before Income Taxes
    8,169       9,094       26,640       30,758  
Income Tax (Benefit)/Expense
    (827 )     1,500       953       1,567  
Net Income
    8,996       7,594       25,687       29,191  
Less: Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
    7,733       7,097       22,803       26,178  
Net Income Attributable to Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
  $ 1,263     $ 497     $ 2,884     $ 3,013  
                                 
Net Income for Basic Earnings per Share
  $ 1,263     $ 497     $ 2,884     $ 3,013  
Basic Earnings per Share
  $ 0.12     $ 0.05     $ 0.27     $ 0.31  
Basic Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
    10,780,603       10,013,573       10,640,878       9,770,068  
                                 
Net Income for Diluted Earnings per Share
  $ 5,562     $ 497       15,594     $ 18,350  
Diluted Earnings per Share
  $ 0.09     $ 0.05     $ 0.24     $ 0.28  
Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
    65,404,610       10,013,573       65,382,457       65,011,182  
                                 
Cash Dividends per Share of Class A Common Stock
  $ 0.03     $ 0.03     $ 0.25     $ 0.09  

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 

 
2

 

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)

 
 
Shares of
 
Shares of
                     
 
Class A
 
Class B
 
Class A
 
Additional
 
Retained
   
Non-Controlling
 
 
   
 
Common Stock
 
Common Stock
 
Common Stock
 
Paid-In Capital
 
Earnings
 
Interests
 
Total
 
                             
 Balance at December 31, 2011
  10,575,089     53,967,555   $ 105   $ 12,000   $ 1,832   $ 32,287   $ 46,224  
 Unit Conversion
  722,521     (722,521 )   7     384     -     (355 )   36  
 Amortization of Non-Cash Compensation
  -     9,500     -     181     -     917     1,098  
 Directors' Shares
  -     -     -     36     -     174     210  
 Net Income
  -     -     -     -     2,884     22,803     25,687  
 Repurchase and Retirement of Class A Common Stock
  (53,120   -     -     (252 )   -     -     (252 )
 Repurchase and Retirement of Class B Units
  -     (3,131 )   -     (72 )   -     57     (15 )
 Options Exercised
  -     74,271     -     -     -     -     -  
 Class A Cash Dividends Declared and Paid ($0.25 per share)
  -     -     -     -     (2,643 )   -     (2,643 )
 Contributions from Non-Controlling Interests
  -     -     -     -     -     45     45  
 Distributions to Non-Controlling Interests
  -     -     -     -     -     (27,655 )   (27,655 )
 Balance at September 30, 2012
  11,244,490     53,325,674   $ 112   $ 12,277   $ 2,073   $ 28,273   $ 42,735  

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 

 
3

 
PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 
   
For the Three Months
   
For the Nine Months
 
   
Ended September 30,
   
Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
                         
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
                       
Net Income
  $ 8,996     $ 7,594     $ 25,687     $ 29,191  
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income to Cash
                               
Provided by Operating Activities:
                               
Depreciation
    56       104       171       311  
Disposal of Fixed Assets
    -       -       (93 )     -  
Non-Cash Compensation
    722       1,039       2,073       3,402  
Director Share Grant
    70       70       210       210  
Net Realized and Unrealized (Gain)/Loss from Investments
    (395 )     1,150       (1,061 )     709  
Change in Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
    1,684       50       2,342       2,307  
Deferred Income Taxes
    (1,440 )     905       (829 )     (534 )
Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities:
                               
Advisory Fees Receivable
    (184 )     2,027       103       (27 )
Due from Broker
    (1,769 )     2,064       (3,287 )     401  
Restricted Cash
    -       (1 )     -       (3 )
Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets
    144       112       200       428  
Due to Broker
    326       23       1,741       26  
Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses, and Other Liabilities
    3,831       3,519       8,088       8,301  
Tax Receivable Agreement Payments
    -       -       (2,093 )     (84 )
Change in Lease Liability
    (153 )     -       (460 )     -  
Purchases of Investments
    (24,861 )     (6,513 )     (56,284 )     (26,928 )
Proceeds from Sale of Investments
    24,780       6,361       56,735       26,754  
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
    11,807       18,504       33,243       44,464  
                                 
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
                               
Purchases of Investments in Deferred Compensation Plan
    (30 )     -       (492 )     (1,433 )
Proceeds from Investments in Deferred Compensation Plan
    -       -       544       847  
Payments (to)/from Related Parties
    (61 )     (22 )     (95 )     -  
Purchase of Property and Equipment
    (3 )     (4 )     (4 )     (155 )
Net Cash Provided by/(Used in) Investing Activities
    (94 )     (26 )     (47 )     (741 )
                                 
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
                               
Repurchase and Retirement of Class A Common Stock
    (127 )     -       (252 )     -  
Repurchase and Retirement of Class B Units
    (15 )     (4 )     (15 )     (4 )
Distributions to Non-Controlling Interests
    (5,014 )     (6,710 )     (27,284 )     (22,860 )
Contributions from Non-Controlling Interests
    -       200       45       450  
Dividends
    (317 )     (298 )     (2,643 )     (876 )
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
    (5,473 )     (6,812 )     (30,149 )     (23,290 )
NET CHANGE IN CASH
  $ 6,240     $ 11,666     $ 3,047     $ 20,433  
                                 
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - Beginning of Period
  $ 31,890     $ 25,196     $ 35,083     $ 16,381  
Effect of Consolidation of Affiliates
    -       -       -       48  
Net Change in Cash
    6,240       11,666       3,047       20,433  
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - End of Period
  $ 38,130     $ 36,862     $ 38,130     $ 36,862  
                                 
Supplementary Cash Flow Information:
                               
In-Kind Distribution to Non-Controlling Interests of
                               
Equity Securities, at Fair Value
  $ -     $ -     $ 371     $ -  
Interest Paid
  $ -     $ -     $ 26     $ -  
Income Taxes Paid
  $ 577     $ 757     $ 2,310     $ 2,877  
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
4

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1—Organization
 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc. (the “Company”) functions as the sole managing member of its operating company, Pzena Investment Management, LLC (the “operating company”).   As a result, the Company: (i) consolidates the financial results of the operating company and reflects the membership interest in it that it does not own as a non-controlling interest in its consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognizes income generated from its economic interest in the operating company’s net income.
 
Pzena Investment Management, LLC is an investment adviser which is registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and is headquartered in New York, New York.  As of September 30, 2012, the operating company managed assets in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies across a wide range of market capitalizations in both U.S. and non-U.S. capital markets.
 
The Company, through its investment in its operating company, has consolidated the results of operations and financial condition of the following entities as of September 30, 2012:
 
     
Operating Company's
 
     
Ownership at
 
 Legal Entity
 Type of Entity (Date of Formation)
 
September 30, 2012
 
 Pzena Investment Management, Pty
 Australian Proprietary Limited Company (12/16/2009)
    100.0 %
 Pzena Investment Management Special Situations, LLC
 Delaware Limited Liability Company (12/01/2010)
    99.9 %
 Pzena Investment Funds Trust, Pzena Large Cap Value
  Fund
 Massachusetts Trust (11/01/2002)
    0.0 %
 Pzena International Value Service, a series of the Pzena
  Investment Management International, LLC
 Delaware Limited Liability Company (12/22/2003)
    0.0 %
 
Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation:
 
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and related Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and regulations.  The Company’s policy is to consolidate all majority-owned subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, which includes Pzena Investment Management Special Situations, LLC, and Pzena Investment Management, Pty.  The Company also consolidates variable-interest entities (“VIEs”) where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, which includes Pzena Investment Funds Trust; Pzena Large Cap Value Fund (“Pzena Large Cap Value Fund”) and Pzena International Value Service, a series of Pzena Investment Management International, LLC (“Pzena International Value Fund”).  These majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest and the VIEs where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary are collectively referred to as “consolidated subsidiaries.”  As required by the Consolidation Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”), the Company also consolidates or consolidated non-variable-interest entities in which it acts or acted as the general partner or managing member.  All of these entities represent or represented private investment partnerships over which the Company exercises or exercised control.  Non-controlling interests recorded on the consolidated financial statements of the Company include the non-controlling interests of the outside investors in each of these entities, as well as those of the operating company.  All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated.
 
The operating company is the managing member of Pzena International Value Service.  As of February 1, 2011, as a result of a shift in the equity ownership of the entity on that date, the operating company was considered the primary beneficiary of this entity.  As a result, the entity was consolidated as of February 1, 2011.  At September 30, 2012, Pzena International Value Service’s $1.2 million in net assets were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

Pzena Large Cap Value Fund is a Massachusetts Trust in which a majority of the trustees are members of the executive committee of the operating company.  A majority of the trustees do not hold equity investments in this trust.  Since the holders of the equity investments in this partnership lack a controlling financial interest in it, this entity is deemed to be a VIE.  The Company is considered the primary beneficiary of this VIE.  At September 30, 2012, Pzena Large Cap Value Fund’s $0.9 million in net assets were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.
 
     All of the consolidated investment partnerships are investment companies under the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Audit and Accounting Guide for Investment Companies. The Company has retained the specialized accounting for these partnerships pursuant to the Consolidation of Partnerships and Similar Entities Subtopic of the FASB ASC. Thus, the Company reports these investment partnerships’ investments in equity securities at fair value, with net realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings in the consolidated statements of operations.
 

 
5

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

       VIEs that are not consolidated continue to receive investment management services from the Company, and are vehicles through which the Company offers its Global Value and/or International (formerly known as Europe, Australasia, and Far East (“EAFE”)) Value strategies.  The total net assets of these VIEs was approximately $155.5 million and $219.2 million at September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, respectively.  Neither the Company nor the operating company were exposed to losses as a result of its involvement with these entities because they had no direct investment in them.
 
The Company records in its own equity its pro-rata share of transactions that impact the operating company’s net equity, including unit and option issuances.  The operating company’s pro-rata share of such transactions are recorded as adjustments to additional paid-in capital or non-controlling interests, as applicable, on the consolidated statements of financial position.

Management’s Use of Estimates:
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Fair Values of Financial Instruments:
 
The carrying amounts of all financial instruments in the consolidated statements of financial condition are presented at their fair value.
 
Revenue Recognition:
 
Revenue, comprised of advisory fee income, is recognized over the period in which advisory services are provided.  Advisory fee income includes management fees that are calculated based on percentages of assets under management (“AUM”), generally billed quarterly, either in arrears or advance, depending on their contractual terms.  Advisory fee income also includes performance fees that may be earned by the Company depending on the investment return of the assets under management.  Performance fee arrangements generally entitle the Company to participate, on a fixed-percentage basis, in any returns generated in excess of an agreed-upon benchmark.  The Company’s participation percentage in such return differentials is then multiplied by AUM to determine the performance fees earned.   In general, returns are calculated on an annualized basis over the contract’s measurement period, which usually extends to three years.  Performance fees are generally payable annually.  Following the preferred method identified in the Revenue Recognition Topic of the FASB ASC, such performance fee income is recorded at the conclusion of the contractual performance period, when all contingencies are resolved.  The Company did not recognize any performance fee income for the three months ended September 30, 2012.  For the three months ended September 30, 2011, the Company recognized approximately $1.1 million in performance fee income.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized approximately $0.3 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in performance fee income.
 
Earnings per Share:
 
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the Company’s net income attributable to its common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company’s basic earnings per share was determined as follows:
 
   
For the Three
   
For the Nine
 
   
Months Ended September 30,
   
Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(in thousands, except share and
 
   
per share amounts)
 
                         
 Net Income for Basic Earnings per Share
  $ 1,263     $ 497     $ 2,884     $ 3,013  
 Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
    10,780,603       10,013,573       10,640,878       9,770,068  
 Basic Earnings per Share
  $ 0.12     $ 0.05     $ 0.27     $ 0.31  
 
      Diluted earnings per share adjusts this calculation to reflect the impact of all outstanding operating company membership units, operating company phantom units, outstanding operating company unit options, shares of Class A common stock, and options to purchase Class A common stock, to the extent they would have a dilutive effect on net income per share for the reporting period. The calculation of diluted earnings per share is also adjusted to reflect the impact of the operating company’s unvested restricted Class B units, which have nonforfeitable rights to dividends and are considered participating securities. Net income for diluted earnings per share generally assumes all outstanding operating company membership units are converted into Company stock at the beginning of the reporting period and the resulting change to Company net income associated with its increased interest in the operating company is taxed at the Company’s effective tax rate, exclusive of one-time prior period adjustments and adjustments associated with both the valuation allowance and the liability to selling and converting shareholders. When this conversion results in an increase in earnings per share or a decrease in loss per share, diluted net income and diluted earnings per share are assumed to be equal to basic net income and basic earnings per share for the reporting period.
 
6

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company’s diluted net income was determined as follows:
 
   
For the Three
   
For the Nine
 
   
Months Ended September 30,
   
Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(in thousands)
 
                         
Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests of
             
 Pzena Investment Management, LLC
  $ 7,523     $ 7,811     $ 22,240     $ 26,841  
Less: Assumed Corporate Income Taxes
    3,224       3,348       9,530       11,504  
 Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
  $ 4,299     $ 4,463     $ 12,710     $ 15,337  
                                 
 Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
  $ 4,299     $ 4,463     $ 12,710     $ 15,337  
 Net Income of Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
    1,263       497       2,884       3,013  
Diluted Net Income¹
  $ 5,562     $ 4,960     $ 15,594     $ 18,350  
                                 

(1)    Since the assumed incremental income results in an increase in per share income for the three months ended September 30, 2011, the assumed effects of the conversion of operating company Class B units, options to purchase operating company units, options to purchase Class A common stock, and phantom operating company units are excluded from the calculation of diluted income per share.
 
Under the two-class method, earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income for diluted earnings per share by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of any potential common shares outstanding during the period using the more dilutive of the treasury method or two-class method.  The two-class method includes an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each participating security according to dividends declared and undistributed earnings for the period.  The Company’s net income for diluted earnings per share is reduced by the amount allocated to participating restricted Class B units for purposes of calculating earnings per share.  Dividends paid per share on the operating company’s unvested restricted Class B units are equal to the dividends paid per Company Class A common stock.
 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company’s diluted earnings per share were determined as follows:

   
For the Three
   
For the Nine
 
   
Months Ended September 30,
   
Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(In thousands, except share and
 
   
per share amounts)
 
                         
Diluted Net Income Allocated to:
                       
Class A Common Stock
  $ 5,541     $ 497     $ 15,535     $ 18,350  
Participating Class B Restricted Units
    21       -       59       -  
Total Diluted Net Income Attributable to Shareholders
  $ 5,562     $ 497     $ 15,594     $ 18,350  
                                 
Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
    10,780,603       10,013,573       10,640,878       9,770,068  
Dilutive Effect of Operating Company B Units
    53,814,700       -       53,930,945       54,618,934  
Dilutive Effect of Options
    428,080       -       451,138       603,567  
Dilutive Effect of Phantom Units
    135,740       -       114,009       18,613  
Dilutive Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
    65,159,123       10,013,573       65,136,970       65,011,182  
     Add: Participating Class B Restricted Units
    245,487       -       245,487       -  
Total Dilutive Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
    65,404,610       10,013,573       65,382,457       65,011,182  
                                 
Diluted Earnings per Share
  $ 0.09     $ 0.05     $ 0.24     $ 0.28  
                                 
 
 
7

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the following were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share, as their inclusion would have had an antidilutive effect for the respective periods:
 
   
For the Three
   
For the Nine
 
   
Months Ended September 30,
   
Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
                         
Operating Company Units
    -       54,375,231       -       -  
Options to Purchase Operating Company Units
    3,498,352       3,648,117       3,475,294       1,653,060  
Options to Purchase Shares of Class A Common Stock
    961,750       961,750       961,750       961,750  
Phantom Operating Company Units
    158,598       152,701       180,329       30,000  
Restricted Shares of Class A Common Stock
    44,484       -       44,484       -  
Participating Class B Restricted Units
    -       -       -       -  
Total
    4,663,184       59,137,799       4,661,857       2,644,810  

Cash and Cash Equivalents:
 
At September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, cash and cash equivalents was $38.1 million and $35.1 million, respectively.  The Company considers all money market funds and highly-liquid debt instruments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.  The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit and other accounts whose balances, at times, exceed federally insured limits.
 
Interest on cash and cash equivalents is recorded as interest income on an accrual basis in the consolidated statements of operations.  Dividends associated with the investments of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries are recorded as dividend income on an ex-dividend basis in the consolidated statement of operations.
 
Restricted Cash:
 
The Company maintained a compensating balance of $1.0 million at September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 as collateral for a letter of credit issued by a third party in lieu of a cash security deposit, as required by the Company’s lease for its New York office space.  Such amounts are recorded in Restricted Cash in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
 
Due to/from Broker:
 
Due to/from Broker consists primarily of amounts payable/receivable for unsettled securities transactions held/initiated at the clearing brokers of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries.
 
Investments, at Fair Value:
 
Investments, at Fair Value represents the securities held by the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, as well as investments in mutual funds.  The Company’s investments in third-party mutual funds are held to satisfy the Company’s obligations under its deferred compensation program.
 
All such investments are recorded at fair value, with net realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC also establishes a framework for measuring fair value and a valuation hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability.  Classification within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The valuation hierarchy contains three levels: (i) valuation inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 1); (ii) valuation inputs are quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and other observable inputs directly or indirectly related to the asset or liability being measured (Level 2); and (iii) valuation inputs are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement (Level 3).
 
The Company’s fair value measurements relate to its consolidated investments in equity securities, which are exchange-traded securities with quoted prices in active markets, and its investments in mutual funds.  The fair value measurements of the equity securities and mutual funds have been classified as Level 1.
 
 
8

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

 
The following table presents these instruments’ fair value at September 30, 2012:
 
   
Leve1 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
 
   
(in thousands)
 
Assets:
                 
Equity Securities
  $ 2,235     $ -     $ -  
Investments in Mutual Funds
    2,871       -       -  
Total Fair Value
  $ 5,106     $ -     $ -  

    The following table presents these instruments’ fair value at December 31, 2011:
 
   
Leve1 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
 
   
(in thousands)
 
Assets:
                 
Equity Securities
  $ 2,285     $ -     $ -  
Investments in Mutual Funds
    2,634       -       -  
Total Fair Value
  $ 4,919     $ -     $ -  

Securities Valuation:
 
Investments in equity securities for which market quotations are available are valued at the last reported price or closing price on the primary market or exchange on which they trade.  If no reported equity sales occurred on the valuation date, equity investments are valued at the bid price.  Investments in mutual funds are valued at the closing net asset value per share of the fund on the day of valuation.  Transactions are recorded on a trade date basis.
 
The net realized gain or loss on sales of securities and mutual funds is determined on a specific identification basis and is included in net realized and unrealized gain/(loss) from investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Concentrations of Credit Risk:
 
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, amounts due from brokers, and advisory fees receivable.  The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in bank deposits and other accounts whose balances, at times, exceed federally insured limits.
 
The concentration of credit risk with respect to advisory fees receivable is generally limited due to the short payment terms extended to clients by the Company.  On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its advisory fees receivable and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts, if necessary, based on a history of past write-offs and collections and current credit conditions.  At September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, no allowance for doubtful accounts has been deemed necessary.
 
Property and Equipment:
 
Property and equipment is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from three to seven years.  Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the improvements or the remaining lease term.
 
Business Segments:
 
The Company views its operations as comprising one operating segment.
 
Income Taxes:
 
The Company is a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, and thus liable for federal, state, and local taxes on the income derived from its economic interest in its operating company. The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes. It has not made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the individual responsibility of each of the operating company’s members (including the Company) to separately report their proportionate share of the operating company’s taxable income or loss. Similarly, the income of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries is not subject to income taxes, since it is allocated to each partnership’s individual partners. The operating company has made a provision for New York City Unincorporated Business Tax (“UBT”).
 
 
 
9

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

   The Company and its consolidated subsidiaries account for all federal, state, and local taxation pursuant to the asset and liability method, which requires deferred income tax assets and liabilities to be recorded for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the temporary differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized. At September 30, 2012, the Company had a $60.3 million valuation allowance against deferred tax assets recorded as part of the Company’s initial public offering and the subsequent exchanges of Class B units for shares of its Class A common stock. At December 31, 2011, the Company had a $61.1 million valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets. The income tax expense, or benefit, is the tax payable or refundable for the period, plus or minus the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company records its deferred tax liabilities as a component of other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.
 
Foreign Currency:
 
Investment securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into U.S. dollar amounts at the date of valuation.  Purchases and sales of investment securities, and income and expense items denominated in foreign currencies, are remeasured into U.S. dollar amounts on the respective dates of such transactions.
 
The Company does not isolate the portion of the results of its operations resulting from the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates on its investments, from the fluctuations arising from changes in market prices of securities held.  Such fluctuations are included in net realized and unrealized gain/(loss) on investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Reported net realized foreign exchange gains or losses arise from sales of foreign currencies, currency gains or losses realized between the trade and settlement dates on securities transactions, and the difference between the amounts of dividends, interest, and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the Company’s books and the U.S. dollar equivalent of the amounts actually received or paid.  Net realized foreign exchange gains and losses arise from changes in the fair values of assets and liabilities resulting from changes in exchange rates.
 
The functional currency of the Company is the United States Dollar.  The functional currency of the Company’s representative office in Australia is the Australian Dollar.  Assets and liabilities of this office are translated at the spot rate in effect at the applicable reporting date, and the consolidated statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the applicable period.  Any resulting unrealized cumulative translation adjustment is recorded net of taxes as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in equity.  As of September 30, 2012, the Company did not record any accumulated other comprehensive income.
 
Note 3—Property and Equipment
 
Property and equipment, net, is comprised of the following:

   
As of
 
   
September 30,
   
December 31,
 
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(in thousands)
 
             
Leasehold Improvements
  $ 1,161     $ 1,100  
Computer Hardware
    970       972  
Furniture and Fixtures
    788       788  
Office Equipment
    271       271  
Computer Software
    214       214  
Total
    3,404       3,345  
Less: Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization
    (2,649 )     (2,516 )
Total
  $ 755     $ 829  

    Depreciation is included in general and administrative expense and totaled $0.1 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011. Such expenses totaled $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011.
 
Note 4—Related Party Transactions
 
For the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company earned $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in investment advisory fees from unconsolidated VIEs which receive investment management services from the Company. For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company earned $1.2 million and $2.1 million, respectively, in such fees. The Company is not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs.
 
 
10

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

At both September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the Company had approximately $0.1 million remaining of advances to an international investment company for organization and start-up costs, which are included in Receivable from Related Parties on the consolidated statements of financial condition.  The Company is the sponsor and investment manager of this entity.
 
At both September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, Receivables from Related Parties included approximately $0.1 million of loans to employees.
 
The operating company manages the personal funds of certain of the Company’s employees, including the CEO, its two Presidents, and its two Executive Vice Presidents, pursuant to investment management agreements in which it has waived its regular advisory fees.  The operating company also manages accounts beneficially owned by a private fund in which certain of the Company’s executive officers invest.  Investments by employees in individual accounts are permitted only at the discretion of the executive committee of the operating company, but are generally not subject to the same minimum investment levels that are required of outside investors.  In addition, the operating company manages the personal funds of some of its employees’ family members at reduced advisory fee rates.  The aggregate value of the fees that the Company waived related to the Company’s executive officers, other employees  and family members was approximately $0.1 million for the each of the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011.  For each of the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company waived $0.3 million of such fees.
 
Note 5—Commitments and Contingencies
 
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that include indemnities in favor of third parties, such as engagement letters with advisors and consultants. In certain cases, the Company may have recourse against third parties with respect to these indemnities. The Company maintains insurance policies that may provide coverage against certain claims under these indemnities. The Company has had no claims or payments pursuant to these agreements, and it believes the likelihood of a claim being made is remote. Utilizing the methodology in the Guarantees Topic of the FASB ASC, the Company’s estimate of the value of such guarantees is de minimis, and, therefore, no accrual has been made in the consolidated financial statements.
 
The Company leases office space under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement which expires on October 31, 2015.  The Company reflects minimum lease expense for its headquarters on a straight-line basis over the lease term.  During the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company entered into a noncancelable sublease agreement for certain excess office space associated with its operating lease agreement.  The sublease agreement also expires on October 31, 2015.
 
Lease expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011 were $0.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively, and are included in general and administrative expense.  Such expenses totaled $1.1 million and $1.5 million, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011.
 
Note 6—Compensation and Benefits
 
Compensation and benefits expense to employees and employee members is comprised of the following:
 
   
For the Three
   
For the Nine
 
   
Months Ended September 30,
   
Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(in thousands)
 
                         
Cash Compensation and Other Benefits
  $ 6,967     $ 6,688     $ 21,801     $ 20,973  
Non-Cash Compensation
    722       1,039       2,073       3,402  
Total Compensation and Benefits Expense
  $ 7,689     $ 7,727     $ 23,874     $ 24,375  

      For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the operating company granted no options to purchase units in the operating company pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, LLC 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Equity Incentive Plan”) and the Company granted no options to purchase shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Equity Incentive Plan”).
 
 
11

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

 
        For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the operating company granted 53,116 and 6,000, respectively, restricted operating company Class B units, and the related shares of Class B common stock, pursuant to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan.  No such units were granted for the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011.  These unit grants each vest ratably over a four-year period commencing January 1, 2012 and 2011, respectively.
 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, the Company granted 44,484 shares of  restricted Class A common stock pursuant to the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan.  This grant vests on a graded vesting schedule over a three-year period commencing on January 1, 2013.  No such shares were granted for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2011.
 
For the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized approximately $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, in compensation and benefits expense associated with the amortization of all unvested operating company Class B unit and option grants issued under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan, and unvested shares of Class A common stock and option grants issued under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized approximately $0.9 million and $2.0 million, respectively, in such compensation and benefits expense.
 
Pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, LLC Amended and Restated Bonus Plan (the “Bonus Plan”), eligible employees whose cash compensation is in excess of certain thresholds have a portion of that excess mandatorily deferred.  Amounts deferred may be credited to an investment account, take the form of phantom Class B units, or be invested in money market funds at the employee’s discretion, and vest ratably over four years.  As of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the liability associated with deferred compensation investment accounts was approximately $1.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively, which is recorded in the deferred compensation liability on the consolidated statements of financial condition.  For the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized approximately $0.4 million, and $0.3 million, respectively, in compensation and benefits expense associated with the amortization of all unvested deferred compensation awards associated with the Bonus Plan.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, the Company recognized approximately $1.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively, in such expense.
 
As of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the Company had approximately $1.9 million and $2.1 million, respectively, in unrecorded compensation expense related to unvested operating company phantom Class B units issued pursuant to its deferred compensation plan, operating company Class B unit and option grants issued under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan, and shares of Class A common stock and option grants issued under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan.
 
The Company issues to certain of its employees delayed-vesting cash awards.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, no such awards were granted.  Delayed-vesting cash awards have varying vesting schedules, with $0.8 million to be paid at the end of 2012, and the remaining $0.4 million to be paid at the end of 2013.
 
Note 7—Income Taxes
 
The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes.  Neither it nor the Company’s other consolidated subsidiaries have made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the individual responsibility of each of these entities’ members (including the Company) to separately report their proportionate share of the respective entity’s taxable income or loss.  The operating company has made a provision for New York City UBT.  The Company, as a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, is liable for federal, state and local taxes on the income derived from its economic interest in its operating company, which is net of UBT.  Correspondingly, in its consolidated financial statements, the Company reports both the operating company’s provision for UBT, as well as its provision for federal, state and local corporate taxes.
 
 
12

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

 
The components of the income tax expense are as follows:
 
   
For the Three
   
For the Nine
 
   
Months Ended September 30,
   
Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(in thousands)
 
                         
Current Provision:
                       
Unincorporated Business Taxes
  $ 613     $ 595     $ 1,782     $ 2,100  
Local Corporate Tax
    -       -       -       -  
State Corporate Tax
    -       -       -       -  
Federal Corporate Tax
    -       -       -       -  
Total Current Provision
  $ 613     $ 595     $ 1,782     $ 2,100  
                                 
Deferred Provision:
                               
Unincorporated Business Taxes
  $ (19 )   $ 1     $ (4 )   $ (38 )
Local Corporate Tax
    75       71       214       235  
State Corporate Tax
    130       124       376       413  
Federal Corporate Tax
    449       427       1,283       1,420  
Total Deferred Provision
  $ 635     $ 623     $ 1,869     $ 2,030  
                                 
Change in Valuation Allowance
    (2,075 )     282       (2,698 )     (2,563 )
                                 
Total Income Tax (Benefit)/Expense
  $ (827 )   $ 1,500     $ 953     $ 1,567  
 
The Income Taxes Topic of the FASB ASC establishes the minimum threshold for recognizing, and a system for measuring, the benefits of tax return positions in financial statements.  It is the Company’s policy to recognize accrued interest, and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions in Income Tax (Benefit)/Expense on the consolidated statement of operations.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, no such expenses were recognized.  As of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, no such accruals were recorded.
 
The Company and the operating company are generally no longer subject to U.S. federal or state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for any year prior to 2009.  All tax years subsequent to, and including, 2009 are considered open and subject to examination by tax authorities.
 
The acquisition of the operating company Class B units, noted below, has allowed the Company to make an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 754”) to step up its tax basis in the net assets acquired.  This step up is deductible for tax purposes over a 15-year period.  Based on the net proceeds of the initial public offering and tax basis of the operating company, this election gave rise to an initial deferred tax asset of approximately $68.7 million.

Pursuant to a tax receivable agreement signed between the members of the operating company and the Company, 85% of the cash savings generated by this election will be distributed to the selling and converting shareholders upon the realization of this benefit.
 
If the Company exercises its right to terminate the tax receivable agreement early, the Company will be obligated to make an early termination payment to the selling and converting shareholders, based upon the net present value (based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the tax receivable agreement) of all payments that would be required to be paid by the Company under the tax receivable agreement.  If certain change of control events were to occur, the Company would be obligated to make an early termination payment.
 
 
13

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

 
 
As discussed further in Note 11, Equity, below, on August 31, 2012, September 15, 2011, and March 28, 2011, certain of the operating company’s members exchanged an aggregate of 722,521, 670,902, and 536,528, respectively, of their Class B units for an equivalent number of shares of Company Class A common stock.  The Company elected to step up its tax basis in the incremental assets acquired in accordance with Section 754.  Based on the exchange-date fair values of the Company’s common stock and the tax basis of the operating company, this election gave rise to a $2.2 million deferred tax asset associated with this exchange and a corresponding $1.9 million liability to selling and converting shareholders on August 31, 2012, a $1.5 million deferred tax asset and corresponding $1.3 million liability to converting shareholders on September 15, 2011, and a $2.4 million deferred tax asset corresponding $2.0 million liability to selling and converting shareholders on March 28, 2011.  Subsequently, the Company established a $1.9 million, a $1.3 million, and a $2.1 million valuation allowance during the three months ended September 30, 2012, September 30, 2011, and March 31, 2011, respectively, to reduce the deferred tax asset to an amount more likely than not to be realized.  These deferred tax assets remain available to the Company and can be used to reduce taxable income in future years.  The Company similarly reduced the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders by $1.6 million, $1.1 million, and $1.8 million during the three months ended September 30, 2012, September 30, 2011, and March 31, 2011, respectively, to reflect this change in the estimated realization of these assets.  As required by the Income Taxes Topic of the FASB ASC, the Company recorded the effects of these transactions in equity.
 
During the three months ended September 30, 2012, the Company’s valuation allowance was reduced by approximately $2.1 million, due to revised estimates of future taxable income.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012, the Company’s valuation allowance was reduced by approximately $2.7 million, due to revised estimates of future taxable income.  To reflect this change in the estimated realization of the asset and its liability for future payments, the Company increased its liability to selling and converting shareholders by $1.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2012, and, increased its liability to selling and converting shareholders by $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2012.  As of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the net values of all deferred tax assets were approximately $10.0 million and $8.8 million, respectively.
 
During the three months ended September 30, 2011, after giving effect to the exchange discussed earlier, the Company’s valuation allowance was increased by approximately $0.3 million, due to revised estimates of future taxable income.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2011, the Company’s valuation allowance was decreased by approximately $2.6 million, due to revised estimates of future taxable income.  To reflect this change in the estimated realization of the asset, the Company correspondingly increased its liability to selling and converting shareholders by $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2011, and, decreased its liability to selling and converting shareholders by $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2011.  The effects of these changes to the deferred tax asset and liability to selling and converting shareholders were recorded as a component of the income tax expense and other expense, respectively, on the consolidated statements of operations.
 
The change in the Company’s deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 is summarized as follows:
 
               
Valuation
       
   
Section 754
   
Other
   
Allowance
   
Total
 
   
(in thousands)
 
                         
Balance at December 31, 2011
  $ 66,224     $ 3,661     $ (61,050 )   $ 8,835  
Deferred Tax Expense
    (823 )     158       -       (665 )
Change in Valuation Allowance
    -       -       1,069       1,069  
Balance at March 31, 2012
  $ 65,401     $ 3,819     $ (59,981 )   $ 9,239  
Deferred Tax Expense
    (835 )     320       -       (515 )
Change in Valuation Allowance
    -       -       (446 )     (446 )
Balance at June 30, 2012
  $ 64,566     $ 4,139     $ (60,427 )   $ 8,278  
Deferred Tax Expense
    (843 )     203       -       (640 )
Unit Exchange
    2,213       -       (1,935 )     278  
Change in Valuation Allowance
    -       -       2,075       2,075  
Balance at September 30, 2012
  $ 65,936     $ 4,342     $ (60,287 )   $ 9,991  
 
 
14

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


The change in the Company’s deferred tax liabilities, which is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, is summarized as follows:
 
   
Total
 
   
(in thousands)
 
       
Balance at December 31, 2011
  $ (13 )
Deferred Tax Expense
    (59 )
Balance at March 31, 2012
  $ (72 )
Deferred Tax Expense
    5  
Balance at June 30, 2012
  $ (67 )
Deferred Tax Expense
    5  
Balance at September 30, 2012
  $ (62 )
 
The change in the Company’s deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2011 is summarized as follows:

               
Valuation
       
   
Section 754
   
Other
   
Allowance
   
Total
 
   
(in thousands)
 
                         
Balance at December 31, 2010
  $ 65,468     $ 2,797     $ (59,431 )   $ 8,834  
Deferred Tax Expense
    (777 )     96       -       (681 )
Unit Exchange
    2,381       -       (2,075 )     306  
Change in Valuation Allowance
    -       -       865       865  
Balance at March 31, 2011
  $ 67,072     $ 2,893     $ (60,641 )   $ 9,324  
Deferred Tax Expense
    (816 )     71       -       (745 )
Change in Valuation Allowance
    -       -       1,980       1,980  
Balance at June 30, 2011
  $ 66,256     $ 2,964     $ (58,661 )   $ 10,559  
Deferred Tax Expense
    (789 )     166       -       (623 )
Unit Exchange
    1,544       -       (1,339 )     205  
Change in Valuation Allowance
    -       -       (282 )     (282 )
Balance at September 30, 2011
  $ 67,011     $ 3,130     $ (60,282 )   $ 9,859  
 
The change in the Company’s deferred tax liabilities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2011 is summarized as follows:
 
   
Total
 
   
(in thousands)
 
       
Balance at December 31, 2010
  $ (51 )
Deferred Tax Expense
    1  
Balance at March 31, 2011
  $ (50 )
Deferred Tax Expense
    19  
Balance at June 30, 2011
  $ (31 )
Deferred Tax Expense
    -  
Balance at September 30, 2011
  $ (31 )
 
As of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the net values of the liability to selling and converting shareholders were approximately $11.7 million and $11.2 million, respectively.
 
 
15

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

 
Note 8—Investments, at Fair Value
 
Investments in equity securities consisted of the following at September 30, 2012:
 
         
Unrealized
       
   
Cost
   
Gain/(Loss)
   
Fair Value
 
   
(in thousands)
 
                   
Equity Securities
  $ 2,109     $ 126     $ 2,235  
Investments in Mutual Funds
    2,531       340       2,871  
Total
  $ 4,640     $ 466     $ 5,106  
 
Investments in equity securities consisted of the following at December 31, 2011:
 
         
Unrealized
       
   
Cost
   
Gain/(Loss)
   
Fair Value
 
   
(in thousands)
 
                   
Equity Securities
  $ 2,382     $ (97 )   $ 2,285  
Investments in Mutual Funds
    2,542       92       2,634  
Total
  $ 4,924     $ (5 )   $ 4,919  
                         
 
Note 9—Non-Controlling Interests
 
Non-Controlling Interests in the operations of the Company’s operating company and consolidated subsidiaries are comprised of the following:
 
   
For the Three
   
For the Nine
 
   
Months Ended September 30,
   
Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(in thousands)
 
                         
Non-Controlling Interests of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
  $ 7,523     $ 7,811     $ 22,240     $ 26,841  
Non-Controlling Interests of Consolidated Subsidiaries
    210       (714 )     563       (663 )
Non-Controlling Interests
  $ 7,733     $ 7,097     $ 22,803     $ 26,178  

    Distributions to non-controlling interests represent tax allocations and dividend equivalents paid to the members of the operating company, as well as withdrawals made by the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries.
 
Note 10—Members’ Equity Interests of Operating Company
 
Except as otherwise provided by law, the liability of a member of the operating company is limited to the amount of its capital account. A member may transfer or assign all or any part of its membership interest only with the prior written consent of the Company, which may be withheld in its sole discretion. Any transferee admitted as a member shall succeed to the capital account, or portion thereof, transferred or assigned, as if no such transfer or assignment had occurred.
 
Note 11—Equity
 
The Company functions as the sole managing member of the operating company. As a result, the Company: (i) consolidates the financial results of the operating company and reflects the membership interest in it that it does not own as a non-controlling interest in its consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognizes income generated from its economic interest in the operating company’s net income. Class A and Class B units of the operating company have the same economic rights per unit. As of September 30, 2012, the holders of Class A common stock (through the Company) and the holders of Class B units of the operating company held approximately 17.3% and 82.7%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of the business.
 
 
16

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)

 
 
Each Class B unit of the operating company has a corresponding share of the Company’s Class B common stock, par value $0.000001 per share.  Each share of the Company’s Class B common stock entitles its holder to five votes, until the first time that the number of shares of Class B common stock outstanding constitutes less than 20% of the number of all shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding.  From this time and thereafter, each share of the Company’s Class B common stock entitles its holder to one vote.  When a Class B unit is exchanged for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock or forfeited, a corresponding share of the Company’s Class B common stock will automatically be redeemed and cancelled.  Conversely, to the extent that the Company causes the operating company to issue additional Class B units to employees pursuant to its equity incentive plan, these additional holders of Class B units would be entitled to receive a corresponding number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock (including if the Class B units awarded are subject to vesting).
 
All holders of the Company’s Class B common stock have entered into a stockholders’ agreement, pursuant to which they agreed to vote all shares of Class B common stock then held by them, and acquired in the future, together on all matters submitted to a vote of the common stockholders.
 
The outstanding shares of the Company’s Class A common stock represent 100% of the rights of the holders of all classes of the Company’s capital stock to receive distributions, except that holders of Class B common stock will have the right to receive the class’s par value upon the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
 
Pursuant to the operating agreement of the operating company, each vested Class B unit is exchangeable for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock, subject to certain exchange timing and volume limitations.
 
On August 31, 2012, September 15, 2011, and March 28, 2011, certain of the operating company’s members exchanged an aggregate of 772,521, 670,902, and 536,528, respectively, of their Class B units for an equivalent number of shares of Company Class A common stock.  The acquisition of additional operating company membership interest was treated as a reorganization of entities under common control as required by the Business Combinations Topic of the FASB ASC.
 
During the nine months ended September 30, 2012, a net amount of 74,271 options to purchase Class B units were exercised.
 
The Company’s current share repurchase program was announced on April 24, 2012.  The Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase an aggregate of $10 million of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock and the operating company’s Class B units on the open market and in private transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws.  The timing, number and value of common shares and units repurchased are subject to the Company’s discretion.  The Company’s share repurchase program is not subject to an expiration date and may be suspended, discontinued, or modified at any time, for any reason.
 
During the three months ended September 30, 2012, the Company purchased and retired 24,666 shares of Class A common stock and 3,131 Class B units under the current repurchase authorization at an average price per share of $5.15 and $5.03, respectively.  During the nine months ended September 30, 2012, the Company repurchased and retired 53,120 shares of Class A common stock and 3,131 Class B units under the repurchase authorization at an average price of $4.74 and $5.03, respectively.  The Company records the repurchase of shares and units at cost based on the trade date of the transaction.
 
 
Note 12—Subsequent Events
 
The Company evaluated the need for disclosures and/or adjustments resulting from subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued. This evaluation did not result in any subsequent events that necessitated disclosures and/or adjustments.
 
17

 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Unaudited Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


 
Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview
 
We are a public-equity investment management firm that utilizes a classic value investment approach across all of our investment strategies. We currently manage assets in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies across a wide range of market capitalizations in both U.S. and non-U.S. capital markets.  At September 30, 2012, our assets under management, or AUM, was $16.8 billion.  We manage separate accounts on behalf of institutions and high net worth individuals, and act as sub-investment adviser for a variety of SEC-registered mutual funds and offshore funds.
 
We function as the sole managing member of our operating company, Pzena Investment Management, LLC (the “operating company”).  As a result, we: (i) consolidate the financial results of our operating company with our own, and reflect the membership interest in it that we do not own as a non-controlling interest in our consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognize income generated from our economic interest in our operating company’s net income.  As of September 30, 2012, the holders of Class A common stock (through the Company) and the holders of Class B units of our operating company held approximately 17.3% and 82.7%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of our business.
 
Non-GAAP Net Income
 
Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, and 2011 include the recurring adjustments related to the Company’s tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to its selling and converting shareholders.  We believe that these accounting adjustments add a measure of non-operational complexity which partially obscures the underlying performance of our business.  In evaluating our financial condition and results of operations, we also review certain non-GAAP measures of earnings, which exclude these items.  Excluding these adjustments, non-GAAP diluted net income and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share were $5.2 million and $0.08, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2012, and $5.3 million and $0.08, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2011.  Excluding these adjustments, non-GAAP diluted net income and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share were $15.2 million and $0.23, respectively for the nine months ended September 30, 2012, and $18.1 million and $0.28, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2011.  GAAP and non-GAAP net income for diluted earnings per share generally assumes all operating company membership units are converted into Company stock at the beginning of the reporting period, and the resulting change to our net income associated with our increased interest in the operating company is taxed at our historical effective tax rate, exclusive of one-time prior period adjustments and the adjustments related to our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders.  Our effective tax rate, exclusive of these adjustments, was approximately 42.9% for the each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, as noted in the section “Operating Results - Income Tax Expense” below.
 
We use these non-GAAP measures to assess the strength of the underlying operations of the business. We believe that these adjustments, and the non-GAAP measures derived from them, provide information to better analyze our operations between periods, and over time. Investors should consider these non-GAAP measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.
 
 

 
18

 

 
    A reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures to the most comparable GAAP measures is included below:
 
   
For the Three
   
For the Nine
 
   
Months Ended September 30,
   
Months Ended September 30,
 
   
2012
   
2011
   
2012
   
2011
 
   
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
 
                         
                         
 GAAP Net Income
  $ 1,263     $ 497     $ 2,884     $ 3,013  
Net Effect of Tax Receivable Agreement
    (391 )     332       (356 )     (256 )
 Non-GAAP Net Income
  $ 872     $ 829     $ 2,528     $ 2,757  
                                 
 GAAP Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interest
                               
 of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
  $ 7,523     $ 7,811     $ 22,240     $ 26,841  
 Less: Assumed Corporate Income Taxes
    3,224       3,348       9,530       11,504  
 Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
  $ 4,299     $ 4,463     $ 12,710     $ 15,337  
 Non-GAAP Net Income of Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
    872       829       2,528       2,757  
 Non-GAAP Diluted Net Income
  $ 5,171     $ 5,292     $ 15,238     $ 18,094  
                                 
Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share Attributable to
                               
Pzena Investment Management, Inc. Common Stockholders:
                               
 Non-GAAP Net Income for Diluted Earnings per Share
  $ 5,171     $ 5,292     $ 15,238     $ 18,094  
 Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share
  $ 0.08     $ 0.08     $ 0.23     $ 0.28  
 Non-GAAP Diluted Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
    65,404,610       64,910,014       65,382,457       65,011,182  
 
Revenue
 
We generate revenue primarily from management fees and performance fees, which we collectively refer to as our advisory fees, by managing assets on behalf of institutional accounts and for retail clients, which are generally open-end mutual funds catering primarily to retail investors.  Our advisory fee income is recognized over the period in which investment management services are provided.  Following the preferred method identified in the Revenue Recognition Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”), income from performance fees is recorded at the conclusion of the contractual performance period, when all contingencies are resolved.
 
Our advisory fees are primarily driven by the level of our AUM.  Our AUM increases or decreases with the net inflows or outflows of funds into our various investment strategies and with the investment performance thereof.  In order to increase our AUM and expand our business, we must develop and market investment strategies that suit the investment needs of our target clients, and provide attractive returns over the long term.  The value and composition of our AUM, and our ability to continue to attract clients, will depend on a variety of factors including, among other things:
 
 
our ability to educate our target clients about our classic value investment strategies and provide them with exceptional client service;
 
 
the relative investment performance of our investment strategies, as compared to competing products and market indices;
 
 
competitive conditions in the investment management and broader financial services sectors;
 
 
general economic conditions;
 
 
investor sentiment and confidence; and
 
 
our decision to close strategies when we deem it to be in the best interests of our clients.
  
    For our institutional accounts, we are paid fees according to a schedule, which varies by investment strategy. The substantial majority of these accounts pay us management fees pursuant to a schedule in which the rate we earn on the AUM declines as the amount of AUM increases.
 
 
19

 
 
Pursuant to our sub-investment advisory agreements with our retail clients, we are generally paid a management fee according to a schedule in which the rate we earn on the AUM declines as the amount of AUM increases.  Certain of these funds pay us fixed-rate management fees.  Due to the substantially larger account size of certain of these accounts, the average advisory fees we earn on them, as a percentage of AUM, are lower than the advisory fees we earn on our institutional accounts.
 
Certain of our clients pay us fees according to the performance of their accounts relative to certain agreed-upon benchmarks, which results in a lower base fee, but allows us to earn higher fees if the relevant investment strategy outperforms the agreed-upon benchmark.
 
The majority of advisory fees we earn on institutional accounts is based on the value of our AUM at a specific date on a quarterly basis, either in arrears or advance.  Advisory fees on certain of our institutional accounts, and with respect to all of our retail accounts, are calculated based on the average of the monthly or daily market value.  Advisory fees are also generally adjusted for any cash flows into or out of a portfolio, where the cash flow represents greater than 10% of the value of the portfolio.  While a specific group of accounts may use the same fee rate, the method used to calculate the fee according to the fee rate schedule may differ as described above.
 
Our advisory fees may fluctuate based on a number of factors, including the following:
 
 
changes in AUM due to appreciation or depreciation of our investment portfolios, and the levels of the contribution and withdrawal of assets by new and existing clients;
 
 
distribution of AUM among our investment strategies, which have differing fee schedules;
 
 
distribution of AUM between institutional accounts and retail accounts, for which we generally earn lower overall advisory fees; and
 
 
the level of our performance with respect to accounts on which we are paid performance fees.
 
Expenses
 
Our expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits expense, as well as general and administrative expense.  These expenses may fluctuate due to a number of factors, including the following:
 
 
variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, awards of equity to our employees and employee members of our operating company, changes in our employee count and mix, and competitive factors; and
 
 
expenses, such as rent, professional service fees and data-related costs, incurred, as necessary, to run our business.
 
Compensation and Benefits Expense
 
Our largest expense is compensation and benefits, which includes the salaries, bonuses, equity-based compensation, and related benefits and payroll costs attributable to our employee members and employees.  Compensation and benefits packages are benchmarked against relevant industry and geographic peer groups in order to attract and retain qualified personnel.
 
Pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, LLC Amended and Restated 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Equity Incentive Plan”), we have issued restricted units and options to purchase units in our operating company.  Under the Pzena Investment Management, Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (“the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan”), we have issued shares of  nonparticipating restricted Class A common stock and options to acquire shares of our Class A common stock.
 
We use a fair-value method in recording the compensation expense associated with the granting of restricted units, restricted common stock, and options to purchase units and common stock, to new and existing employee members and employees of our operating company under the 2006 and 2007 Equity Incentive Plans.  Under this method, compensation expense is measured at the grant-date based on the estimated fair value of the award and is recognized over the award’s vesting period.
 
 
20

 
 
The fair value of awarded restricted Class B units is determined by reference to the market price of our Class A common stock on the date of grant, since these units are exchangeable for shares of our Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. For each of the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, there were no restricted operating company Class B units granted.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, we granted 53,116 and 6,000, respectively, restricted operating company Class B units, and the related shares of Class B common stock, under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan.
 
The fair value of awarded restricted shares of Class A common stock is determined based on the closing market price of our Class A common stock on the date of grant, net of the present value of the dividends using the applicable risk-free interest rate, as these nonparticipating restricted shares of Class A common stock are not entitled to dividends or dividend equivalents while unvested.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, we granted 44,484 shares of nonparticipating restricted Class A common stock pursuant to the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan.  No such shares were granted for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2011.
 
For each of the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, we recognized approximately $0.2 million in compensation and benefits expense associated with the amortization of all unvested restricted operating company Class B units and unvested shares of Class A common stock.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, we recognized approximately $0.7 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in such compensation and benefits expense.
 
The fair value of the options to purchase Class B units and Class A common stock is determined by using an appropriate option pricing model on the grant-date.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, there were no options granted to purchase units or shares of common stock under the 2006 and 2007 Equity Incentive Plans.  For the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, we recognized approximately $0.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively, in compensation and benefits expense associated with the amortization of all unvested options to acquire operating company Class B units and unvested options to acquire Class A common stock issued under the 2006 and 2007 Equity Incentive Plans.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, we recognized approximately $0.2 million and $1.6 million, respectively, in such expense.
 
Pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, LLC Amended and Restated Bonus Plan (the “Bonus Plan”), eligible employees whose cash compensation is in excess of certain thresholds have a portion of that excess mandatorily deferred.  These deferred amounts may be invested, at the employee’s discretion, in certain third-party mutual funds, restricted phantom units of our operating company, or money market funds.  Amounts deferred in any calendar year reduce that year’s cash compensation expense and are amortized ratably over a four-year period commencing the following year.  At September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, the liability associated with deferred compensation investment accounts was approximately $1.0 million and $1.2 million, respectively, and is recorded as deferred compensation liability on the consolidated statements of financial condition.  For the three months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, we recognized approximately $0.4 million and $0.3 million, respectively, in compensation and benefits expense associated with the amortization of all deferred compensation awards.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, we recognized approximately $1.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively, in such expense.
 
As of September 30, 2012, we had approximately $1.9 million in total unrecorded compensation expense related to unvested operating company phantom units issued pursuant to our Bonus Plan, shares of Class A common stock, and operating company unit and option grants issued under the 2006 and 2007 Equity Incentive Plan. We expect that the amortization of these amounts will be approximately $1.5 million in 2012, $0.9 million in 2013, $0.4 million in 2014 and $0.1 million in 2015.
 
We have historically granted delayed-vesting cash awards to certain of our employee members.  These delayed-vesting cash awards have varying vesting schedules, with $0.8 million to be paid in 2012 and the remaining $0.4 million to be paid in 2013.
 
General and Administrative Expense
 
General and administrative expense includes office rent and other expenses, professional and outside services fees, depreciation, and the costs associated with operating and maintaining our research, trading, and portfolio accounting systems.  Our occupancy-related costs and professional services expenses, in particular, generally increase or decrease in relative proportion to the overall size and scale of our business operations.
 
We incur additional expenses associated with being a public company for, among other things, director and officer insurance, director fees, SEC reporting and compliance (including Sarbanes-Oxley and Dodd-Frank compliance), professional fees, transfer agent fees, and other similar expenses.  These additional expenses have and will continue to reduce our net income.
 
 
21

 
 
Other (Expense)
 
Other (expense) is derived primarily from investment income or loss arising from our consolidated subsidiaries, our investments in various private investment vehicles that we employ to incubate new strategies, income or loss generated by our investments in third-party mutual funds, and interest income generated on our cash balances.  Other (expense) is also affected by changes in our estimates of the liability due to our selling and converting shareholders associated with payments owed to them under the tax receivable agreement which was executed in connection with our reorganization and offering on October 30, 2007.  As discussed further below under “Tax Receivable Agreement,” this liability represents 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, and local income tax that we realize as a result of the amortization of the increases in tax basis generated from our acquisitions of our operating company’s units from our selling and converting shareholders.  Amounts waived by our selling and converting shareholders, if any, reduce this liability.  We expect the interest and investment components of other (expense), in the aggregate, to fluctuate based on market conditions and the performance of our consolidated investment partnerships and other investments.
 
Non-Controlling Interests
 
Our operating company has historically consolidated the results of operations of the private investment partnerships over which we exercise a controlling influence.  We are the sole managing member of our operating company and control its business and affairs and, therefore, consolidate its financial results with ours.  In light of our employees’ and outside investors’ interest in our operating company, we have reflected their membership interests as a non-controlling interest in our consolidated financial statements.  As a result, our income is generated by our economic interest in our operating company’s net income.  As of September 30, 2012, the holders of Class A common stock (through the Company) and the holders of Class B units of the operating company held approximately 17.3% and 82.7%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of the business.
 
Income Tax Expense/(Benefit)
 
As a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, we are liable for federal, state and local taxes on the income derived from our economic interest in the operating company, which is net of its provision for New York City Unincorporated Business Taxes, or UBT.  Correspondingly, in our consolidated financial statements, we report both the operating company’s provision for UBT, as well as our provision for federal, state and local corporate taxes.
 
 Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized.  As of September 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011, our valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset associated with our acquisition of operating company units in conjunction with the offering and subsequent exchanges was $60.3 million and $61.1 million, respectively.
 
Operating Results
 
Assets Under Management and Flows
 
As of September 30, 2012, approximately $16.8 billion of AUM was invested in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies, representing distinct capitalization segments of U.S. and non-U.S. equity markets.  The performance of our largest investment strategies as of September 30, 2012 is further described below.  As of July 1, 2012, we launched a Large Cap Diversified Value strategy which, by asset size, is now one of our largest investment strategies.  We follow the same investment process for each of these strategies.  Our investment strategies are distinguished by the market capitalization ranges from which we select securities for their portfolios, which we refer to as each strategy’s investment universe, as well as the regions in which we invest.  While our investment process includes ongoing review of companies in the investment universes described below, our actual investments may include companies outside of the relevant market capitalization range at the time of our investment.  In addition, the number of holdings typically found in the portfolios of each of our investment strategies may vary, as described below.
 
The following table indicates the annualized returns, gross and net (which represents annualized returns prior to, and after, payment of advisory fees, respectively), of our largest investment strategies from their inception to September 30, 2012, and in the five-year, three-year, and one-year periods ended September 30, 2012, relative to the performance of: (i) the market index which is most commonly used by our clients to compare the performance of the relevant investment strategy, and (ii) the S&P 500® Index, which is provided for the limited purpose of providing a comparison to the broader equity market.
 
 
22

 
 
   
Period Ended September 30, 2012(1)
 
Investment Strategy (Inception Date)
 
 
Since
Inception
   
5 Years
   
3 Years
   
1 Year